Ideas residuales y LOPJ

goya-elsueno2Nicolai V. Krogius, psicólogo y Gran Maestro soviético, en su libro “La psicología en ajedrez” identificó un fenómeno llamado “imagen residual” como una de las principales causas de errores en el juego. Es un error, normalmente estratégico, que consiste, según sus propias palabras en “la traslación íntegra del avalúo de una posición anterior a la nueva situación creada en el tablero”.

Tal error no es exclusivo del juego del ajedrez y cada vez con más insultante frecuencia lo veo producirse en las decisiones de nuestros políticos que, sin mayor reflexión, aplican ideas de hace doscientos años a los problemas actuales, cual si la evaluación de la situación actual fuese la misma que la existente hace dos siglos. Tal ocurre con una de las más persistentes ideas residuales que existen: La provincia.

La provincia, en nuestro país, fue creada en 1833 como un sistema de división territorial destinado a servir al modelo de estado existente entonces (una monarquía centralista) que tenía en cuenta los muy deficientes censos poblaciones de aquellos años (el primer censo fiable de España se confeccionó en 1857) y el estado de las comunicaciones en 1833.

No necesito aclarar que ninguno, absolutamente ninguno, de los criterios que se tuvieron en cuenta en 1833 para establecer la división provincial perdura en nuestros días. Veámoslo.

Por lo que respecta al sistema político de monarquía centralista entonces existente nada queda del mismo tras la Constitución de 1978 salvo la filiación borbónica del rey.

En cuanto a los datos demográficos tenidos en cuenta en 1833 es obvio que no guardan parecido alguno con los actuales: la población de España en 2013 poco tiene que ver con la que pudiera existir en 1833. Los fuertes movimientos migratorios internos han provocado una distribución de la población muy distinta de la entonces existente por no hablar del tremendo aumento de la misma.

Por lo que respecta a las comunicaciones es obvio que 1833 y 2013 no se parecen absolutamente en nada. En 1833 el estado de las comunicaciones en España era medieval; no existía el ferrocarril ni tampoco el telégrafo, el correo viajaba a pié o a lomos de caballerías y la división provincial se realizó procurando que la capital no estuviese a más de un día de camino del pueblo más lejano.

Como puede observarse, ninguno de los criterios que se tuvieron en cuenta al crear la división provincial subsiste en la actualidad; es más, la España de 2013 está más lejos, cultural y tecnológicamente hablando de la de 1833 que esta lo estaba de la Hispania del año 0 de nuestra era.

Y sin embargo, la división provincial subsiste como un residuo ominoso de hace doscientos años; peor aún, la división provincial subsiste en las decimonónicas estructuras mentales de nuestros gobernantes, proyectando en el presente evaluaciones que hace tiempo dejaron de existir. Krogius no tendría duda: Nuestros políticos son víctimas de una imagen residual que les lleva a tener ideas que no puedo calificar sino de “residuales”.

Lo lamentable del caso es que las provincias, residuo inútil de un mundo periclitado, no sólo ejercen su influencia en las mentes medievales de nuestra clase política, sino que, usadas como unidad de estudios estadísticos, dificultan la visión real del país y conducen a que en el siglo XXI aún se dicten disposiciones estratégicas que nacen tan muertas como la idea que les sirve de base. Es el caso, por ejemplo, del nuevo proyecto de Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial con que nuevamente vuelve a asombrarnos nuestro más que decimonónico ministro de justicia.

El, para nuestros males, ministro, ha decidido que la planta de los partidos judiciales de España será provincial. Podría haber atendido a las necesidades de la población y establecer tribunales allá donde se concentran los asentamientos humanos y la actividad económica, podría haber atendido a los índices de litigiosidad y establecer tribunales allá donde fuesen más necesarios, podría haber atendido a una mínima racionalidad pero… El ministro ha decidido usar de una idea “residual” que ya no obedece a nada y establecer tribunales “provinciales”, una idea tan muerta como del gusto de políticos que, lejos de ser conservadores (es bueno conservar las ideas valiosas y en ese sentido soy conservador) lo que son es “momificadores” de ideas cadavéricas.

Gracias a esa idea, por ejemplo, lugares como Granollers (unos 300.000 habitantes) o Vigo (unos 340.000) quedarán sin tribunal de instancia mientras que “provincias” como Soria (93.223 habs.), Teruel (144.607 habs.) o Segovia (164.169 habs.) sí dispondrán de estos tribunales.

Quizá alguien debería explicar qué falta o delito han cometido los habitantes de Granollers, Vigo, Jerez o Gijón para no merecer el mismo trato que los habitantes de Soria, Segovia o Teruel.

Entiéndaseme bien; no es que en Soria, Segovia o Teruel no hagan falta tribunales de instancia (claro que hacen falta) es que en Vigo, Gijón o Jerez hacen MÁS falta y, por tanto, también debiera haberlos allí. Y cuando digo Vigo, Gijón, Jerez o Granollers, estoy hablando también de Santiago de Compostela, de Ferrol, de Talavera de la Reina, de Antequera, de Lucena, de Lorca, de Orihuela, de Elche, de Alcoi, de Sueca, de Alzira, de Sabadell, de Terrassa, de Manresa, de Mataró, de Vic, de Sant Feliú de Llobregat, de Figueres, de Alcalá de Henares, de Estella, de Tafalla, de Tudela, de Lanzarote, de Santa Cruz de la Palma, de Reus, de Tortosa… De todos esos lugares que, sin ser “provincias” mantienen una población y una actividad económica superior a la de muchas “provincias”.

Me duele particularmente el caso de Cartagena, mi ciudad. La Sección 5ª de la Audiencia de Murcia con sede en Cartagena extiende su jurisdicción sobre 400.000 personas (más personas que toda la comunidad autónoma de La Rioja) y, sin embargo, como en la residual mente de nuestros políticos residuales no tiene la etiqueta de “provincia”, puede sufrir la desaparición de sus tribunales de instancia.

La Justicia está para servir a las personas, no a ideas muertas de hombres muertos, pero en España cuando la Justicia señala a la población los políticos “residuales” miran a la provincia.

Sin duda Krogius tenía razón: las ideas residuales son fuente de errores (y de villanías, añado yo); esperemos que estos políticos “residuales” fruto de un sistema caduco sean como sus ideas también “residuales” y como residuos de un sistema muerto acaben pronto donde merecen.

Compañeros de Colegio

20130303-123026.jpg

Os echaremos de menos. De la Bocana a Bocagrande, de Cartagena a Cartagena. En Colombia asesinan a un abogado cada 9 días por el mero hecho de cumplir con su deber. Van ya 700, al menos 20 en Cartagena de Indias y nunca se acaban de investigar sus muertes.

Cuando muere un abogado en Cartagena (en cualquiera de las muchas Cartagenas del mundo) sentimos que asesinan a uno de los nuestros, a un compañero de ese colegio que es más que un lugar en el mapa. Porque la libertad no tiene más patria que el corazón de la gente. Que tengáis suerte, pronto estaremos allí. Cartagenas del Mundo. Cartagenas del Alma.

Abogados de las Cartagenas del Mundo

En Cartagena ya no disparan los cañones

 

En Colombia un abogado es asesinado codad 9 días. Soy abogado en Cartagena (España), ejerzo mi profesión con libertad e independencia y tengo un colegio que -de ver en riesgo esa libertad e independencia- estoy seguro que me respaldaría frente a cualquier intromisión.

En Colombia no existen los Colegios de Abogados. Para ser más exactos no existen como se conciben en España. Hay allí un centenar o más de Colegios, Círculos y Clubs de Abogados, de carácter privado y voluntario, sin ninguna o muy escasa incidencia en la actividad profesional y en la vida jurídica del país, enormemente rica, pero que se mueve por otros caminos y sin tener en cuenta las más de las veces a los abogados y su realidad profesional y personal.

Por eso, el próximo 1 de marzo los abogados de la Cartagena de España nos hermanaremos -aunque ya lo estemos en el corazón- con los de la Cartagena del otro lado del mar, la Cartagena de Colombia, la Cartagena del Caribe, la Cartagena de Indias.

Porque los sentimos compañeros y porque podemos ayudarnos. Merece la pena.

Apertura Española y Defensa Siciliana

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Como sabe cualquier jugador de ajedrez medio, para evitar las aperturas abiertas y en especial la apertura española, las negras idearon las defensas semiabiertas de entre las que, sin duda, la defensa siciliana es la más popular.

Esta noche leo que Intereconomía y La Gaceta, dos medios de comunicación inequívocamente conservadores, atacan ferozmente al presidente del gobierno en su portada de mañana. Y me pregunto: ¿Este súbito cambio de orientación en contra de Rajoy en favor de quien se hace? Muchos han señalado inmediatamente a Esperanza Aguirre, oportunamente desaparecida de escena antes del Armagedón Barcénico. ¿Estamos ante un Gambito de Rey o de Dama?

Juegan con el país como si de una partida de ajedrez se tratase, mueven sus peones intentando hacerse con el control de España. No sé.

Lo que sí sé es que todo este espectáculo de sobres, eres, mamancias e indecencias varias es un cenagal con aroma inequívocamente mafioso.

Sí, como cualquier jugador de ajedrez medio sabe, lo mejor es evitar la apertura española usando la defensa siciliana.

La Audiencia de Cartagena y los servicios de información de los USA

La liberación generalizada de los «cables» de la Embajada Norteamericana por parte de WikiLeaks permite comprobar, no sin cierto asombro, la atención que dedican los estadounidenses a nuestra pequeña región. Aparte de los esperables cables confidenciales relacionados con las actividades militares de Cartagena me llaman especialmente la atención los cables relacionados con la defensa de los derechos de propiedad intelectual y el impacto que causó el auto de sobreseimiento dictado por el juez del Juzgado de Instrucción número 4 de Cartagena -De la Torre Guzmán- en las Diligencias Previas/Procedimiento Abreviado número 665 /2007.
Es preciso recordar en este punto que toda la actuación de las autoridades españolas en materia de propiedad intelectual -y, a juzgar por el contenido de este cable, esa vigilancia incluye a nuestros jueces- es seguida estrechamente por las autoridades norteamericanas que tratan de imponer una legislación favorable a sus intereses comerciales usando de todo tipo de medios de presión.

Pues bien, para mi sorpresa, husmeando entre los «cables» de la Embajada Norteamericana en Madrid relativos a propiedad intelectual me he encontrado con este cable de fecha 28 de octubre de 2009 («sensitive but unclassified») en el que se hacen eco de la resolución de la Audiencia Provincial de Cartagena (AKA Sección 5ª de la Audiencia Provincial de Murcia). Copio sólo un párrafo del cable, el mismo se acompaña completo al final, que dice:

«Rights-holders’ groups were heartened by a September
decision of a three-judge appellate panel of the Provincial
Court of Murcia. An investigating judge had dismissed a
criminal complaint filed by rights-holders in 2006 against a
website («Elite Divx») that made files available for
peer-to-peer (P2P) downloading. The lower court followed the
interpretation contained in the Circular, according to which
most unauthorized P2P activity should be pursued as a civil
wrong rather than as a crime. (Note: In large part because
of the Circular, media routinely report, and the Spanish
public at large generally believes without question, that P2P
activity is entirely legal. End note.) In sending the case
back to the lower court to be re-tried, the appellate court
found that unauthorized P2P activity is in fact covered by
the relevant sections of the Penal Code; that it comprises a
form of «public communication…in the form of making
(content) available»; that therefore (in direct contradiction
of the Circular) the «private copy exception» does not apply;
and that – even accepting the Circular’s controversial
interpretation that a commercial profit motive must be
present for criminal penalties to apply – the revenues earned
by the website from advertising demonstrate that it is «an
authentic business receiving important economic benefits
which increase based on the number of visits» and thus
covered by the Penal Code.»

La actuación de los USA para forzar en España y en Europa una legislación en materia de propiedad intelectual que favorezca sus intereses es algo que merece un artículo de fondo que llevo preparando unas semanas.

Les dejo con el texto completo del cable.


US embassy cable – 09MADRID1052

ZAPATERO PROMISES ACTION TO COMBAT INTERNET PIRACY
Identifier: 09MADRID1052
Origin: Embassy Madrid
Created: 2009-10-28 15:29:00
Classification:
Tags: ETRD KIPR EINV ECPS KCRM SP
VZCZCXRO3097
RR RUEHIK
DE RUEHMD #1052/01 3011529
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 281529Z OCT 09 ZDK MULT SVCS
FM AMEMBASSY MADRID
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 1384
INFO RUCNMEM/EU MEMBER STATES COLLECTIVE
RUEHLA/AMCONSUL BARCELONA 4176
RHEHNSC/NSC WASHDC
RUCPDOC/DEPT OF COMMERCE WASHDC
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 05 MADRID 001052

SENSITIVE
SIPDIS

STATE FOR EUR/WE AND EEB/TPP/IPE: T.O’KEEFFE AND J.URBAN
STATE PASS USTR FOR D.WEINER AND J.GROVES
STATE PASS U.S. COPYRIGHT OFFICE FOR D.CARSON, M.PALLANTE
AND M.WOODS
COMMERCE FOR 4212/D.CALVERT
COMMERCE ALSO FOR USPTO

E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: ETRD, KIPR, EINV, ECPS, KCRM, SP
SUBJECT: ZAPATERO PROMISES ACTION TO COMBAT INTERNET PIRACY

REF: A. MADRID 982
B. MADRID 417
C. MADRID 410
D. MADRID 224

MADRID 00001052 001.3 OF 005

SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED – PLEASE PROTECT ACCORDINGLY

SUMMARY

  1. (SBU) In an October 21 speech to the American Business
    Council, President Zapatero addressed internet piracy in
    public for the first time, acknowledging that deficiencies in
    IPR protection in Spain are a source of concern to the USG
    and the GOS. Zapatero pointed to the October 9 creation by
    the Council of Ministers (Cabinet) of an Inter-Ministerial
    Commission to study Internet piracy, which he said will
    submit recommendations to the government before the end of
    this year. The Commission appears to formalize and enhance
    ongoing working-level Inter-Ministerial discussions. Its
    formation, the December 31 deadline, and Zapatero’s
    high-profile statement are encouraging signs suggesting that
    progress may be forthcoming. Post believes Zapatero’s
    October 13 meeting with the President has contributed to both
    the formation of the Commission and Zapatero’s willingness to
    go on record emphasizing the need for a solution.

  2. (SBU) Meanwhile, developments continue on other fronts,
    and the decline in music, video, and movie sales this year
    provides more evidence of the seriousness of the problem.
    The government continues to urge the content providers and
    the Internet Service Providers’ (ISP) association (the
    «Coalition» and «Redtel,» respectively) to reach agreement on
    measures to deter piracy. The two sides continue to exchange
    proposals, but Coalition sources advise that any agreement
    reached will be of modest scope. The Coalition also
    announced it is developing a «macroweb» to make content
    legally available online, which it plans to deploy in 2010
    once the government begins to implement measures to protect
    online content. Separately, rights-holders’ groups have won
    some internet piracy court cases and lost others. On October
    19, the Coalition sent the Ministry of Industry, Tourism, and
    Trade (MITYC) a list of some 200 commercial-scale pirate
    websites, asking the Ministry to take dissuasive action and
    also to pass the list to the Prosecutor General’s office
    (Fiscalia) for criminal charges. End Summary.

THE NEW COMMISSION

  1. (U) During the weeks leading up to President Zapatero’s
    October 13 meeting with President Obama, U.S.
    copyright-dependent groups such as MPAA and the Recording
    Industry Association of America (RIAA) pressed actively to
    have President Obama raise internet piracy with Zapatero.
    Members of Congress sent a letter to USTR and the Commerce
    Department with the same message.

  2. (U) On October 9, Spain’s Council of Ministers (Cabinet)
    announced the establishment of an Inter-Ministerial
    Commission to address the problem of IPR violations on the
    internet. The Council tasked the Commission with analyzing
    the existing regulatory framework and identifying actions
    that will make the criminal and civil judicial processes more
    effective in protecting copyrights online and offering
    remedies to rights-holders. The Commission is to provide the
    Council with its preliminary conclusions and recommendations
    by December 31.

  3. (U) Senior officials (roughly Under Secretary and
    Assistant Secretary equivalents) of the following eight
    Ministries will comprise the Commission: MITYC, Culture,
    Interior, Justice, Education, Foreign Affairs and
    Cooperation, Economy and Finance, and the Presidency. The
    Commission held its first meeting October 23 to set its work
    agenda. The Commission will build on informal collaborative
    efforts undertaken over the past several months at the
    working level by MITYC, Culture, Industry, and Justice.

  4. (U) In an October 22 meeting with Charge, MITYC State
    Secre tary for Telecommunications and the Information Society
    Francisco Ros acknowledged the challenge of coordinating
    among eight Ministries but stressed the benefits of including
    all relevant actors in the discussion of possible solutions.

MADRID 00001052 002.3 OF 005

He framed the problem as one of reconciling IPR with privacy
and other fundamental rights, arguing that in Spain and other
countries, government attempts to regulate the Internet have
sparked protests by privacy advocates and counter-measures by
legislatures.

  1. (SBU) Rights-holders are convinced that the mere
    possibility of Zapatero’s having to address the issue in his
    meeting with the President spurred the government to action.
    Coalition President Aldo Olcese called the Council of
    Ministers’ announcement, which our government contacts had
    played up all week as imminent good news that would
    demonstrate the government’s seriousness, «a cynical maneuver
    to give Zapatero something to say» in case President Obama
    did raise the issue. Olcese also called the announcement of
    the Commission a delaying tactic, since it pushes any
    solution into the future. He predicts the Commission will
    recommend among other things that Spain seek a European-wide
    approach to Internet piracy during its EU Presidency, an
    approach that State Secretary Ros is known to support but
    which rights-holders fear could lead to further delay.

ZAPATERO RECOGNIZES THE PROBLEM

  1. (SBU) The reported discussion of internet piracy by a
    senior White House official with close advisors of Zapatero,
    and GOS pleasure with Zapatero’s visit to DC as a whole,
    appear to have resonated at senior levels of the GOS. In an
    October 21 speech to the American Business Council (ABC) on
    economic issues, Zapatero addressed the issue in public for
    the first time. He cited Spain’s impressive performance in
    attracting foreign investment but noted the need for
    improvement in several areas, including IPR, as part of a
    broader effort to enhance Spain’s attractiveness to foreign
    investors. Without specifically naming internet piracy, he
    noted that IPR protection was of concern to both the USG and
    the GOS. He pointed out that Spain boasts the world’s fourth
    largest cultural industry and that the «creative sector»
    accounts for 4% of GDP. Zapatero expressed support for the
    Coalition-Redtel negotiations and reiterated that the newly
    formed Inter-Ministerial Commission is to present its
    proposal by year’s end.

SALES DROP ILLUSTRATES SERIOUSNESS OF PROBLEM

  1. (U) Representatives of copyright groups have presented an
    array of evidence to dramatize the plight of their
    industries. Legitimate music sales in Spain fell by more
    than 30% in the first six months of 2009 compared with the
    same period in 2008. Video sales were down 33% and rentals
    down 44%. Movie attendance has declined significantly over
    the past two years. While the severe recession contributed
    to these losses, industry representatives point the finger at
    competition from illicit downloads and file-sharing.

PRIVATE SECTOR NEGOTIATIONS

  1. (U) Per reftels, beginning in May 2008, the government
    had urged the Coalition and Redtel to negotiate an agreement
    on deterring and combating digital piracy. The parties
    worked for almost a year in three different areas –
    dissuasive measures (including recommendations for
    legislative and regulatory reforms), public education and
    awareness, and new business models, i.e., making more content
    legally available online.

  2. (U) As reported ref B, Redtel broke off negotiations in
    April 2009. According to Redtel executive director Maria
    Teresa Arcos, Redtel and the Coalition have not conducted any
    formal negotiations since then. Sometimes Coalition and
    Redtel presidents Aldo Olcese and Miguel Canalejo meet
    together with senior officials of MITYC or the Culture
    Ministry; the two groups also sometimes communicate through
    third parties, especially government officials; and they have
    also passed draft proposals back and forth. The government
    is eager to have a private-sector agreement, however modest
    or narrow, on which to base its own initiatives. The
    Coalition is willing to keep trying for an agreement as a
    means of keeping the government engaged, but it says it has
    become disillusioned with the continued dilution of its
    proposals. It has given up, at least for now, any measures
    to sanction or even notify individual users who infringe

MADRID 00001052 003.3 OF 005

copyrights online, and its proposal that ISPs or the
government shut down or block pirate websites probably would
require controversial legislation. It does not expect the
«de minimis» agreement to advance its interests much.

  1. (U) Redtel’s primary emphasis in the negotiation has been
    on the business model issue, as its ISP members hoped to
    enter into lucrative business deals with such Coalition
    members as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)
    and various recording companies to market their products
    legally online. The ISPs’ inability to achieve their
    objectives in this area was the ostensible reason for
    suspension of the negotiations. However, content providers’
    representatives note that the ISPs and their parent
    telecommunications companies (Telefonica, Orange, Vodaphone,
    and Ono) have a number of contentious issues pending with the
    government involving taxation, competition, and regulation,
    and may be using the Internet piracy negotiations as leverage
    with the government on other matters. In public, Redtel
    executives have said if the government wants to solve the
    piracy problem, it should take action, and the ISPs will
    comply with their obligations, but the government should not
    expect voluntary concessions from Redtel.

  2. (U) Meanwhile, the Coalition announced October 19 its own
    new business model: a «macro-website» offering access at
    reasonable prices to its members’ products, including the
    much-desired and much-pirated movies made available by major
    U.S. studios. The new site is reportedly based on the U.K.
    website findanyfilm.com and will also contain music and
    games. Coalition president Olcese noted that consolidating
    the content in one place will offer an attractive alternative
    to illegal downloads and file-sharing. He stated, however,
    that the «macroweb» will not be formally launched until the
    government has begun to implement measures to combat piracy
    and protect content, which the Coalition hopes will be in
    early 2010. Rights-holders argue that Spain’s current
    lawless online environment makes legal content offers futile.
    During a visit to Madrid, International Federation of the
    Phonographic Industry (IFPI) president John Kennedy
    characterized Spain’s situation as a «vicious circle» in that
    such legal websites can never compete against free downloads
    as long as piracy remains unpunished, and are therefore not a
    sound investment.

COURT CASES – WIN SOME, LOSE MORE: THE «CIRCULAR» CASTS ITS
SHADOW

  1. (U) The government claims it is doing everything it can
    under current authority to combat Internet piracy. At State
    Secretary Ros’ recent meeting with AmCham’s IP Committee (ref
    A), Salvador Soriano, Deputy Director General for Information
    Society Services in the Ministry of Industry, Tourism, and
    Trade (MITYC), cited statistics showing that in the past four
    years, law enforcement authorities have investigated 100
    websites over allegations of illicit activity; 43 criminal
    complaints have been filed by either private parties or
    government entities; 43 arrests have been made; and 34 cases
    are currently before investigating judges.

  2. (U) Comment: These figures cover activity since 2005.
    According to Jose Manuel Tourne of the Federation for the
    Protection of Intellectual Property in Audiovisual Works
    (FAP), authorities conducted 21 investigations for Internet
    piracy in 2006 and more than 20 in 2007. Many of those cases
    are still working their way through the judicial system and
    are still awaiting decisions by investigating judges or have
    been appealed to provincial courts. Many have been thrown
    out by judges following the reasoning of the Circular (see
    ref D) issued in May 2006 by the Prosecutor General’s office
    (Fiscalia). One case in April (ref C) in La Rioja resulted
    in an important precedent with the first-ever conviction of a
    web operator for running a pirate website that generated
    profit for advertising revenues. Sources in the National
    Police, Civil Guard, and Fiscalia have told post that in the
    past two years police and prosecutors have largely given up
    pursuing these cases because the Circular sets such a high
    bar. While the government continues to insist that the
    Circular is not binding on judges, its language has directly
    influenced judges and led to unfortunate outcomes in a number
    of such cases.

MADRID 00001052 004.3 OF 005

  1. (U) Comment continued: In the Circular – a series of
    guidelines for prosecutors to follow in investigating and
    prosecuting IPR cases – the Fiscalia argued against pursuing
    criminal charges against file-sharers on the grounds that it
    was impractical and undesirable to penalize «a broad
    cross-section of society that uses technological advances to
    access protected works.» Most rights-holders do not pursue
    criminal charges against individual Internet users except in
    the most egregious circumstances. They believe, however,
    that prison sentences and/or suspension of Internet access
    are not necessarily disproportionate in such extreme
    circumstances, and also that, if available, such sanctions
    would provide a strong deterrent against illicit downloads
    where none currently exists. End comment.

  2. (U) Rights-holders’ groups were heartened by a September
    decision of a three-judge appellate panel of the Provincial
    Court of Murcia. An investigating judge had dismissed a
    criminal complaint filed by rights-holders in 2006 against a
    website («Elite Divx») that made files available for
    peer-to-peer (P2P) downloading. The lower court followed the
    interpretation contained in the Circular, according to which
    most unauthorized P2P activity should be pursued as a civil
    wrong rather than as a crime. (Note: In large part because
    of the Circular, media routinely report, and the Spanish
    public at large generally believes without question, that P2P
    activity is entirely legal. End note.) In sending the case
    back to the lower court to be re-tried, the appellate court
    found that unauthorized P2P activity is in fact covered by
    the relevant sections of the Penal Code; that it comprises a
    form of «public communication…in the form of making
    (content) available»; that therefore (in direct contradiction
    of the Circular) the «private copy exception» does not apply;
    and that – even accepting the Circular’s controversial
    interpretation that a commercial profit motive must be
    present for criminal penalties to apply – the revenues earned
    by the website from advertising demonstrate that it is «an
    authentic business receiving important economic benefits
    which increase based on the number of visits» and thus
    covered by the Penal Code.

  3. (U) The Murcia court’s decision does not have binding
    precedential force, but rights-holders believe that because
    it was issued by an appellate court (albeit not a national
    one), and because, unlike many judicial decisions, it
    explains the judges’ reasoning so forcefully and clearly, it
    is likely to influence other pending and future internet
    piracy cases elsewhere in the court system. That said, many
    cases arising out of a series of police raids and website
    shutdowns in 2006-7 have already resulted in acquittals or
    have been summarily dismissed by investigating judges based
    at least in part on the Circular’s influence.

  4. (U) In a separate case, rights-holders’ groups were
    dismayed on October 15, when an investigating judge in Madrid
    rejected a complaint filed by the Music Producers of Spain
    (Promusicae) and music companies Universal, Warner, Sony, and
    EMI against an individual (identified in court by only his
    Internet Protocol number) who uploaded approximately 9,000
    music recordings without authorization using a P2P
    application, making them available to anyone who wanted them.
    The judge quoted from the Circular’s language stating that
    in order to constitute a crime, P2P activity must involve
    commercial profit. Accordingly, he found that the only
    exchange taking place was that of «sharing among different
    users the material at their disposal, which constitutes
    socially acceptable and very widespread behavior that in the
    end is in no way illicit enrichment; rather, said conduct
    would raise the possibility of obtaining copies for private
    use, which leads to the conclusion that in this case there is
    no infraction deserving of criminal sanction.» Promusicae is
    appealing the verdict.

THE COALITION’S CHALLENGE

  1. (U) At his October 19 press conference, Olcese also
    announced that the Coalition, in partnership with the
    self-described anti-piracy investigative entity CoPeerRight
    Agency, had developed a list of 200 commercial-scale pirate
    websites, of which 62 operate from Spain. Olcese said he was
    sending the list to MITYC in the hopes that the government
    will take action against the offending sites, which

MADRID 00001052 005.3 OF 005

CoPeerRight estimates generate average annual revenues of 1.5
million euros from advertising directly related to their
offers of infringing content. Olcese also asked MITYC to
pass the list to the Fiscalia for criminal prosecution.

  1. (SBU) Comment: MITYC currently has no authority to take
    any action against the sites except perhaps impose weak
    administrative sanctions. There is no reason the Coalition
    could not file a criminal complaint with the police, provide
    them with the list and accompanying documentation, and ask
    them to investigate. However, the Coalition believes Spanish
    law enforcement authorities are much more likely to
    investigate vigorously and prosecute if the material is given
    to them by a government entity such as MITYC.

  2. (SBU) Comment continued: The Coalition’s other reason for
    sending the list to MITYC is to implicate that Ministry in
    the piracy problem and hold it accountable for finding a
    solution. The Coalition is trying to keep the public
    spotlight and pressure on the government – and especially
    MITYC – while the Inter-Ministerial Commission explores
    possible initiatives. The rights-holders’ objective is the
    creation of a new government administrative body – a pale
    imitation of the High Authority contemplated by recent
    legislation in France – that would have the power to shut
    down or block pirate websites. Rights-holders’ groups
    believe that State Secretary Ros opposes the creation of such
    a body because he does not want his office, which oversees
    Internet matters, to become responsible for the problem.
    Content providers, who continue to believe in the face of
    Ros’ recent «urban legend» remark (see ref A) that Spain has
    one of the highest rates of Internet piracy in the world, are
    determined to make him face up to the problem. End Comment.
    CHACON

Historias viejas: La Batalla de Murcia 1989-1990

Éste Domingo he estado revolviendo entre las fotos antiguas y he encontrado esta que me ha traído buenos recuerdos.

Muy poco tiempo después de colegiarme y debido a incomprensibles carambolas del azar me encontré inmerso en la batalla judicial que siguió a las Elecciones Generales de 1989 y que, a la postre, habría de determinar si el PSOE perdería la mayoría absoluta en el Congreso de los Diputados o si se produciría un empate 175 a 175 entre éste partido y el resto de las formaciones políticas.

La batalla por el noveno escaño de Murcia. Elecciones Generales 1989
La batalla por el noveno escaño de Murcia. Elecciones Generales 1989

La fotografía recoge el momento en que la Sala de lo Contencioso de Murcia dio lectura a la Sentencia en riguroso directo en el Telediario de las tres de la tarde (no recuerdo ningún otro caso en que se haya leído una sentencia en directo en el telediario). Yo soy el tercero de los abogados que están sentados (tengo la barbilla apoyada en la mano) y entre los asistentes a la lectura podemos ver muchas caras conocidas de jueces, magistrados y políticos. Los periodistas están literalmente tirados en el suelo de los estrados.

Nuestra tarea en éste procedimiento era tratar de evitar que las elecciones se repitieran en Murcia, para mi sorpresa la Sala de lo Contencioso decidió en contra de nuestros intereses: las elecciones habrían de repetirse en Murcia. Afortunadamente mi formación ganó el posterior recurso de amparo.

Veinte años después me sigue sorprendiendo el que yo me jugase una mayoría absoluta en un procedimiento Contencioso Electoral cuando, por aquel entonces, apenas había realizado unos pocos juicios de faltas.

¿Cuánto vale la vida de una persona?

Los estados son propensos a poner precio a la vida de las personas. De mis películas infantiles del Far-West recuerdo aquellas recompensas que se ofrecían por la vida de los forajidos («dead or alive») y de mis primeras lecturas recuerdo también la valoración que hacía Huerta de la vida de Emiliano Zapata: Dieciocho centavos, el precio de una soga para ahorcarlo.

Por eso, cuando inicié mis estudios de derecho, me sorprendió la coherencia del derecho romano que, considerando que el valor de la vida humana era inestimable, no concedía valor alguno en dinero a la misma en el caso de que el muerto fuese un hombre libre. Cuestión distinta era el caso de los esclavos que, por estar asimilados a la categoría de cosa, si tenían valor pecuniario y su muerte podía y debia ser indemnizada en buenos sestercios.

Avanzando el tiempo los ordenamientos jurídicos fueron admitiendo la indemnización en dinero de la vida humana y, al menos en España, hasta 1995 la tarea de fijar la indemnización para la vida humana se dejó en manos de los jueces que deberían atender de forma individualizada a cada caso concreto. Sin embargo en 1995 todo cambió por la influencia que el lobby de las compañías de seguros ejerció sobre el gobierno. Seguir leyendo «¿Cuánto vale la vida de una persona?»

Tribunal del Jurado

       Sé que la institución del Tribunal del Jurado cuenta con detractores y partidarios entre quienes nos dedicamos a la actividad forense. Yo me cuento entre los segundos.

Esta semana pasada he tenido la ocasión de volver a participar como acusación particular en un juicio del tribunal del jurado y he vuelto a confirmar que, efectivamente, esta institución es un muy necesario soplo de aire fresco para la burocratizada administración de justicia española. Seguir leyendo «Tribunal del Jurado»